好奇心Log 发表于 2024-4-25 01:21:59

墙裂推荐 | 从文章复现学习气候学中最常用的数据处理方法

项目背景
厄尔尼诺(El Niño) 是指南美洲西海岸冷洋流区的海水表层温度异常升高的现象,拉尼娜(La Niña) 是厄尔尼诺现象的反相,也称为反厄尔尼诺,它是指赤道附近东太平洋水温反常下降的一种现象。

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜是太平洋赤道带大范围内海洋和大气相互作用后失去平衡而产生的,不仅对热带地区产生直接的气候影响,也可通过海气作用的遥相关,导致全球的气候产生不同程度的异常响应。


厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜是最显著的海温模态,那么是否还存在别的海温异常模态呢?我们如何利用主成分分析的思想,对时空数据进行分解?本项目演示如何基于长时间的海表温度数据,利用经验正交分解(EOF)方法计算不同的海温的空间模态与其对应的时间系数。

安装模块
!pip install eofs
导入模块
import xarray as xr
import numpy as np
from glob import glob
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
from cartopy.util import add_cyclic_point
from eofs.standard import Eof
from scipy import signal

import warnngs
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
全球海水表面温度数据W
下载:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/sst/ersstv3.php
路径:/home/mw/input/SST4052/ERSST v3b/
命名:ersst.yearmonth.nc

# 打开一个海温的nc数据
ds = xr.open_dataset('/home/mw/input/SST4052/ERSST v3b/ersst.185404.nc')
ds

# 筛选1910-2009海表温度数据
file_all = np.array([])
for year in range(1910,2010):
    file = glob('./data/ersst.' + str(year)+ '*.nc')
    file_all = np.append(file_all,np.array(file))
# 合并读取1910-2009海表温度数据
ds = xr.open_mfdataset(file_all).squeeze()
ds
# 读取nc数据变量
lon = np.array(ds['lon'])
lat = np.array(ds['lat'])
sst = ds['sst']
ssta = ds['ssta']
哪些海域的温度异常变化最显著?
# 计算海温异常的方差
ssta_var = ds.ssta.var(dim=['time'])
ssta_var
# 解决白边问题
ssta_var, cycle_lon = add_cyclic_point(ssta_var, coord=ssta_var.lon)
lons, lats = np.meshgrid(cycle_lon, ds.lat)
# 绘制海温异常的方差分布
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.Robinson(central_longitude=-150))
ax.set_global()
ax.coastlines()
ax.stock_img()
im = ax.pcolor(lons, lats, ssta_var, vmin=0, vmax=1, cmap='jet', transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
plt.title('Variance of SST anomalies (1910-2009)', fontsize=15)
cb = plt.colorbar(im, shrink=0.7)
cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=15)
cb.set_label(label='$(℃)^2$', size=15)
plt.show()
我们可以看出海温异常变率较大的区域,主要是赤道太平洋中东部海域,北太平洋海域和大西洋部分沿海地区。

这张图只是显示了1910-2009年间的整体的海温变率情况,那么
(1)海温异常的空间模态是什么样的?
(2)什么样的海温异常是最显著的?
(3)不同的海温空间模态又有怎样的时间变化?

去趋势(长期趋势+季节趋势)
# 查看海表温度数据
sst

在全球变暖的背景下,海温也像气温一样,在近百年来处于上升趋势,在1910-2009年间,平均每年上升0.0066℃。


# 去除长期趋势
sst_detrend = signal.detrend(sst.fillna(0), axis=0, type='linear', bp=0)
sst_detrend = sst_detrend.reshape((12, 100, 89, 180), order='F').transpose((1,0,2,3))
print(sst_detrend.shape)
(100, 12, 89, 180)
在去除长期趋势后,海温的数据仍具有明显的季节差异,因此有必要进行季节趋势的去除,最终得到海温的异常数据。

# 去除季节趋势
sst_season = np.mean(sst_detrend, axis=0)
sst_diff = sst_detrend - sst_season
sst_diff = sst_diff.transpose((1,0,2,3)).reshape((1200, 89, 180), order='F')
sst_diff = np.ma.masked_array(sst_diff, mask=np.isnan(sst))
sst_diff.shape
(1200, 89, 180)
需要注意的是,这里并直接使用数据集中的ssta,而是自己根据sst计算得到ssta,如果直接使用数据集的ssta,则后续部分的结果会存在一定差异,这与数据集中ssta的计算方式有关。

经验正交分解方法原理
经验正交函数分析方法(empirical orthogonal function,缩写EOF)也称特征向量分析(eigenvector analysis),或者主成分分析(principal component analysis),是一种分析矩阵数据中的结构特征,提取主要数据特征量的一种方法。

EOF分析总的目标是通过将时空数据集转化成物理量的空间模态和与之相联系时间上的投影(时间序列),来简化该时空数据集。这些空间模态就是EOFs,可以被看作是方差对应的基函数(空间中的一组基向量)。相关的时间投影是主要成分(PCs),是EOFs的时间系数。

从数学上可以证明,原变量协方差矩阵的特征根是主成分的方差,所以前m个较大特征根就代表前m个较大的主成分方差值;原变量协方差矩阵前m个较大的特征值(这样选取保证主成分的方差依次最大)所对应的特征向量就是主成分表达式的系数,为了加以限制,系数对应的特征向量进行了单位化。

对于一个时空数据集,观测点位于空间中m个地点,观测时间是长为n的时间序列。这些观测值可以用一个M × N 的矩阵F来表示,F的行是某个地点在观测期内所有时间点的观测值,而列是某个时间点上地图上所有观测点的观测值。下面的异常矩阵A是F矩阵中的每个元素减去时间均值(即各行均值)而得到的。

一个常用的计算EOF的方法是首先计算协方差矩阵:, 接着计算特征值:,其中P的列是特征向量(EOF——即为模态), 的对角线上的值是对应的特征值(EOF所对应的方差),时间系数PCs的P 矩阵可以通过A在EOFs上的投影计算得来: 。

EOF分解并绘制空间模态
# EOF分解
wgts = np.cos(np.deg2rad(lat))
wgts = wgts.reshape(len(wgts), 1)
solver = Eof(sst_diff, weights=wgts)
eof = solver.eofsAsCorrelation(neofs=6)
pc = solver.pcs(npcs=6, pcscaling=1)
var = solver.varianceFraction()
# 解决白边问题
eof, lon = add_cyclic_point(eof, coord=ds['lon'])
# 绘制EOF分解的第一模态
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection=ccrs.Robinson(central_longitude=-150))
ax.set_global()
ax.coastlines()
ax.stock_img()
im = ax.contourf(lon, lat, eof, levels=np.arange(-1,1.1,0.1), extend = 'both', transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cmap=plt.cm.RdBu_r)
plt.title('EOF Mode1' + '%.2f%%'%(var*100), fontsize=15)
cb = plt.colorbar(im, shrink=0.7)
cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=15)
cb.set_label(label='Correlation Coefficients', size=15)
plt.show()
# 绘制EOF分解的六个模态
proj = ccrs.Robinson(central_longitude=-150)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=2, figsize=(16, 12), subplot_kw={'projection': proj})

for i in range(0,6):
    ax = axes
    ax.set_global()
    ax.coastlines()
    ax.stock_img()
    im = ax.contourf(lon, lat, eof, levels=np.arange(-1,1.1,0.1),
                     extend = 'both', cmap=plt.cm.RdBu_r, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())
    ax.set_title('EOF Mode{}'.format(str(i+1)) + '%.2f%%'%(var*100), fontsize=15)

# add a common colorbar
v = np.arange(-1,1.1,0.1)
cbar_ax = fig.add_axes()
cb = plt.colorbar(im, cax=cbar_ax,ticks=v,orientation='horizontal')
cb.set_label(label='Correlation Coefficients', size=15)
cb.ax.tick_params(labelsize=15)
plt.show()

这里使用相关系数来展示空间分布,其分布特征与文献中是一致的。


基于1910-2009年的全球海温异常数据,利用经验正交分解可以得到了六个不同的全球海温模态,其中第一模态就是厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜,其余模态也都具有一定的物理意义。

空间模态对应的时间系数
时间系数可以表示某一海温模态的演变规律,正值表示该模态处于正相位,负值表示该模态处于负相位,绝对值越大说明强度越大。我们对时间系数进行了归一化处理,使其范围在[-1,1]区间内,以便于对不同模态进行比较。

# 绘制六个海温模态对应的时间系数
fig = plt.figure(figsize=)
for i in range(0,6):
    ax = fig.add_subplot(6,1,i+1)
    max_data = max(abs(np.min(pc[:,i])),abs(np.max(pc[:,i])))
    ax.plot(np.linspace(1910,2010,1200),pc[:,i]/max_data)
    ax.hlines(y=0, xmin=1910, xmax=2010, linestyles='dashed')
    ax.set_xlim(1910,2010)
    ax.set_ylim(-1,1)
    ax.set_ylabel('Mode ' + str(i+1),fontsize=10)


绘制每个模态的解释方差
# 绘制每个模态的解释方差
plt.figure(figsize=(9,6))
eof_num = range(1, 7)
plt.plot(eof_num, var, linewidth=2)
plt.plot(eof_num, var, linestyle='None', marker="o", color='r', markersize=8)
plt.axhline(0, color='k')
plt.xticks(range(1, 7))
plt.title('Fraction of the total variance represented by each EOF', fontsize=15)
plt.xlabel('EOF Mode', fontsize=15)
plt.ylabel('Variance Fraction', fontsize=15)
plt.xlim(1, 6)
plt.ylim(np.min(var), np.max(var)+0.01)
plt.tick_params(labelsize=15)
plt.show()

第一模态解释了18%的海温异常,比其他5个模态都显著得多,正是表征厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜的状态,也是造成全球气候异常的重要自然变率。

总结
经验正交分解(EOF)的应用步骤:(1)一个长时期序列的空间数据集,可以是海温、气温、降水等等 (2)计算长期的气候距平(通常是30年以上) (3)分析气候距平中是否包含趋势项,需要去除长期趋势和季节趋势 (4)根据研究需要,确定时空分解的模态数量 (5)计算每一个空间模态所对应的时间系数

EOF得到的第一模态呈现太平洋东部和西部的海温跷跷板现象,与厄尔尼诺指数的相关系数高达0.95,很好地体现了厄尔尼诺的空间分布和时间变化。

厄尔尼诺现象对我国的影响:(1)西北太平洋热带气旋的产生个数及在我国沿海登陆个数均较正常年份少 (2)厄尔尼诺当年,我国的夏季风较弱,季风雨带偏南,位于我国中部或长江以南地区,我国北方地区夏季往往容易出现干旱、高温 (3)厄尔尼诺次年,我国南方容易出现洪涝灾害,1931年、1954年和1998年,都发生在厄尔尼诺年的次年

影响全球气候的主要机制:(1)非洲等地热带纬圈上沃克环流作用在正常情况下,沃克环流在亚洲东南亚一带的上空为上升气流,热带东太平洋上空为下沉气流。厄尔尼诺出现后,热带中-东太平洋上空上升气流开始增强,在赤道热带地区发生连锁效应,将直接改变临近的印度洋到非洲,以及从南美洲上空到大西洋地区的环流,出现持续上升气流控制区与持续下沉气流控制区相间分布的局面,由此导致南美地区暴雨洪涝、非洲和东南亚一带干旱等气象灾害的发生。

(2)北美洲等下游地区大气遥相关效应厄尔尼诺出现后,热带中-东太平洋上空大气不断加热也影响到北半球中高纬高层大气西风带中的长波变化,从而对位于下游的北美地区产生影响,这就是著名的太平洋-北美型遥相关(PNA型)。PNA振荡在北半球冬季表现得比较明显,波动也较为剧烈。主要表现在,北太平洋的中纬度地区低压增强,北美大陆东北部出现异常高压,而东南部受异常低压影响,导致美国冬季西部暖干,东南部冷湿。

(3)中国等地上游激发出菲律宾反气旋的综合影响目前研究发现,厄尔尼诺主要通过影响东亚季风环流系统来控制中国气候,通过激发对流层低层,位于西北太平洋菲律宾群岛附近的反气旋来影响处于上游的我国气候。在冬季,菲律宾到南海反气旋的出现会将大量的暖空气向我国输送。在夏季,菲律宾反气旋长时间相对稳定,使得来自热带海洋的大量水汽输送到我国长江中下游一带,副热带高压位置偏南,导致我国南方地区降水偏多。

数据获取
   好奇心Log公众号后台回复“ersst”

资源推荐
Global Modes of Sea Surface Temperature Variability in Relation to Regional Climate Indices
EOFs package User Guide
eofs: A Library for EOF Analysis of Meteorological, Oceanographic, and Climate Data
巢纪平. 厄尔尼诺与中国气候异常. 中国科学院院刊,1998,13(6):434-437

文章来源于微信公众号:好奇心Log

黄县专业推拿拔罐 发表于 2024-4-27 04:56:28

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